diff --git a/src-tauri/src/commands/database.rs b/src-tauri/src/commands/database.rs
index ec92403..a502e07 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/commands/database.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/commands/database.rs
@@ -749,13 +749,38 @@ async fn current_remote_and_local_from_state(
         return Ok(None);
     }
 
-    let local_path = sqlite_db_path(app_handle)?;
-    let local_conn = create_sqlite_connection(&local_path)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    run_migration(&local_conn, DatabaseType::SQLite)
-        .await
-        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    // 优先复用启动时缓存的本地 SQLite 连接；缓存未命中时再新建并回填。
+    // 这样 realtime_dual_write_sync 不会在每次写命令后都新建一个 sqlx 连接池，
+    // 避免“pool timed out while waiting for an open connection”式池耗尽。
+    let local_conn = {
+        // 先把 Arc 克隆出来，让 state_guard 尽早释放，再 read 缓存。
+        let local_sqlite = {
+            let state_guard = app_state.read();
+            state_guard.local_sqlite.clone()
+        };
+        let cloned = local_sqlite.read().clone();
+        cloned
+    };
+
+    let local_conn = match local_conn {
+        Some(conn) => conn,
+        None => {
+            let local_path = sqlite_db_path(app_handle)?;
+            let conn = create_sqlite_connection(&local_path)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            run_migration(&conn, DatabaseType::SQLite)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            // 回填缓存（best-effort，竞争时仅最后写入者生效，两者都有效）。
+            let state_guard = app_state.read();
+            let mut local_guard = state_guard.local_sqlite.write();
+            if local_guard.is_none() {
+                *local_guard = Some(conn.clone());
+            }
+            conn
+        }
+    };
 
     Ok(Some((local_conn, remote_conn)))
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 0856ff6..ba210d6 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -225,6 +225,9 @@ fn setup_database(app: &mut App) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
         let state = handle.state::<crate::state::SafeAppState>();
         let state_guard = state.write();
         let mut active_conn = sqlite_conn.clone();
+        // 缓存本地 SQLite 连接，供 realtime_dual_write_sync 复用，
+        // 避免每次写命令都新建连接池。
+        *state_guard.local_sqlite.write() = Some(sqlite_conn.clone());
 
         {
             let mut settings = state_guard.settings.write();
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/services/auto_score.rs b/src-tauri/src/services/auto_score.rs
index cecd4af..6c6b51c 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/services/auto_score.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/services/auto_score.rs
@@ -1858,7 +1858,7 @@ async fn execute_rule(
     for mut student in target_students {
         if mode == ExecutionMode::Normal {
             if !is_student_pass_cooldown(
-                conn,
+                &txn,
                 execution_batches,
                 rule,
                 student.id,
@@ -2368,8 +2368,8 @@ async fn resolve_target_students(
     Ok(matched)
 }
 
-async fn is_student_pass_cooldown(
-    conn: &DatabaseConnection,
+async fn is_student_pass_cooldown<C: ConnectionTrait>(
+    conn: &C,
     execution_batches: &[AutoScoreExecutionBatch],
     rule: &AutoScoreRule,
     student_id: i32,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/state.rs b/src-tauri/src/state.rs
index 76e29db..34fda73 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/state.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/state.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ use crate::services::{
 
 pub struct AppState {
     pub db: Arc<RwLock<Option<DatabaseConnection>>>,
+    /// 缓存的本地 SQLite 连接（启动时建立），供 `realtime_dual_write_sync` 等复用，
+    /// 避免每次写操作都新建 sqlx 连接池导致池耗尽 / 文件句柄残留。
+    pub local_sqlite: Arc<RwLock<Option<DatabaseConnection>>>,
     pub settings: Arc<RwLock<SettingsService>>,
     pub security: Arc<RwLock<SecurityService>>,
     pub permissions: Arc<RwLock<PermissionService>>,
@@ -37,6 +40,7 @@ impl AppState {
         let data = Arc::new(RwLock::new(DataService::new()));
         let plugins = Arc::new(RwLock::new(PluginService::new()));
         let db = Arc::new(RwLock::new(None));
+        let local_sqlite = Arc::new(RwLock::new(None));
 
         let http_client = Client::builder()
             .timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(30))
@@ -45,6 +49,7 @@ impl AppState {
 
         Self {
             db,
+            local_sqlite,
             settings,
             security,
             permissions,